As prime minister of Sardinia he expelled the Austrians from northern Italy and created the Italian national state in 1861.

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Charles I
1600-49
King of England




Also king of Scotland and Ireland Charles came into conflict with Parliament over religion, foreign policy and taxation. Forced to sign the 'Petition of Rights' (1628), he ruled without Parliament until 1640.

After the King's attempt to arrest some Members of Parliament civil war broke out. Captured in 1647 by the English army under Cromwell, he was tried and beheaded.

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Charles XII
1682-1718
King of Sweden




Succeeding to the throne at age 15, Charles XII defeated the anti-Swedish coalition of Denmark, Russia, Poland and Saxony, invading each in turn (1700-6).

He invaded Russia again in 1708 but was defeated by Peter the Great at Poltava. He took refuge in Turkey but was forced to leave in 1714. He was killed fighting Norway.

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Chiang Kai-Shek
1887-1975
Chinese Statesman



Chinese general who took control of the Kuomintang party in 1926. He formed a republican government in Nanking, fought war lords, Japanese invaders and the Chinese Communist party (with occasional periods of alliance).

Defeated in 1949 he withdrew to Taiwan where he formed the Chinese Nationalist Government.

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Georges Clemenceau
1841-1929
French Statesman



In 1913 Clemenceau founded the newspaper 'Homme libre', meaning The Free Man, in which he warned of the danger of war with Germany. In 1917, when France seemed on the verge of losing World War I, he accepted the post of premier of France and guided his people to victory.

After the war he presided at the peace conference. Later he toured the United States to urge cooperation with Europe. He continued to write until his death in 1929.

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Robert Clive
1725-74
Governor of Bengal




Clive arrived in India in 1743 as a clerk in the English East India Company. He fought French and Indian forces to establish British control in Bengal.

He became the founder of British power in India but his rule as Governor of Bengal was marred by corruption scandals. He committed suicide in 1774.

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Biography